参考资料：
SPARQL基础知识：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_22938671/article/details/89071370
RDF 和 SPARQL 初探：以维基数据为例
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2020/02/sparql.html
SPARQL——语义网的查询语言
https://blog.csdn.net/Jenny_oxaza/article/details/108540522
SparQL查询语法
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/524282156
使用SPARQL查看数据集中数据类型
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/news/374001
sparql官方教程
https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#propertypath-arbitrary-length
sparql路径查询
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_21120275/article/details/101295531
0、SPARQL查询语句的小技巧
1、当不知道该如何写查询语句的结构时，可以先将所有内容查询 SELECT ?subject ?p ?object where { ?subject ?p ?object }出来，再写查询语句 SELECT ?object where { bmm:bridge rdfs:comment ?object }
在protege中执行sparql属性值查询时，会显示属性值的数据类型（这可能是protege的sparql查询的插件的影响）。在jena fuseki server中执行sparql查询就不会显示属性值的数据类型。
; 1、SPARQL基础查询语句
日常代码记录
查询实例的类型（实例有默认类和自定义的所属类）
SELECT ?object
where {bmm:桥梁1 rdf:type ?object }
联合查询
针对下文的自编的owl文件的查询
PREFIX rdf: <http:
PREFIX owl: <http:
PREFIX rdfs: <http:
PREFIX xsd: <http:
PREFIX user: <http:
SELECT ?subject ?object
WHERE { ?subject user:age ?object}
ORDER BY DESC(?object) limit 1
SELECT ?subject ?object
WHERE { ?subject user:age ?object}
ORDER BY ASC(?object) limit 2
SELECT ?subject ?object
WHERE { ?subject user:age ?object.FILTER(?object > 16)
}
SELECT (COUNT(?subject) AS ?count_person)
WHERE { ?subject user:age ?object.FILTER(?object > 16)}
SELECT ?subject ?object
WHERE
{
SELECT ?subject ?object
WHERE { ?subject user:age ?object.FILTER(?object > 16)}
}
ORDER BY ASC(?object) limit 1
在这里插入图片描述
自编的owl文件
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#"
xml:base="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">An example ontology that contains all constructs required for the various versions of the Pizza Tutorial run by Manchester University (see http://www.co-ode.org/resources/tutorials/)</rdfs:comment>
<owl:versionInfo xml:lang="en">v.1.4. Added Food class (used in domain/range of hasIngredient), Added several hasCountryOfOrigin restrictions on pizzas, Made hasTopping invers functional</owl:versionInfo>
<owl:versionInfo xml:lang="en">v.1.5. Removed protege.owl import and references. Made ontology URI date-independent</owl:versionInfo>
<owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">version 1.5</owl:versionInfo>
</owl:Ontology>
<!--
-->
<!-- http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#age -->
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#age">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#People"/>
</owl:DatatypeProperty>
<!--
-->
<!-- http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#People -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#People"/>
<!--
-->
<!-- http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#刘飞 -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#刘飞">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#People"/>
<age rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">28</age>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#张南 -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#张南">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#People"/>
<age rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">15</age>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#张山南 -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#张山南">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#People"/>
<age rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">30</age>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
</rdf:RDF>
<!-- Generated by the OWL API (version 4.5.9.2019-02-01T07:24:44Z) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi -->
2、使用python对RDF文件进行sparql查询
python中用rdflib生成rdf，用sparql查询
https://blog.csdn.net/vuscity/article/details/79869828
如何使用SPARQL在OWL本体中插入新实例
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/ask/sof/1555685
python包rdflib文档
https://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib
Python第三方库——rdflib
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_46905110/article/details/116450208
9、注意事项
1、在protege 同时查询多个本体
通过protege 的 gather ontologies功能可以将多个本体文件加载进来实现同时查询多个本体，可以使用union语句
PREFIX test2: <http:
PREFIX test:<http:
SELECT ?subject ?object
WHERE { { ?subject test2:haveCom ?object } UNION { ?subject test:ispartof ?object } }
Original: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42727550/article/details/124181405
Author: 长安山南君
Title: sparql查询
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